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Satellite Observations of Air Pollution: Local Impacts Seen from a Global Perspective

April 16th, 2009

Contact: Chris Rink of NASA, +1-757-864-6786, +1-757-344-7711, christopher.p.rink@nasa.gov
HAMPTON, Va., April 16
PRNewswire-USNewswire

Air pollution in the United States impacts human health, costs American farmers billions of dollars annually in crop loss and reduced productivity, and decreases the vitality of U.S. forests especially in the east.

Dr. Jack Fishman, a senior research scientist at NASA’s Langley Research Center, will speak at Thomas Nelson Community College on April 21, 2009, as part of NASA’s weeklong celebration of Earth Day. Entitled “Satellite Observations of Air Pollution: Local Impacts Seen from a Global Perspective,” the talk will focus on how NASA scientists have used satellite measurements to observe and understand the complex interaction between local sources of pollution and how the Earth’s atmosphere has been modified on a global scale.

Since the 1970s, scientists and engineers at NASA Langley have been in the forefront of measuring air pollution from space. They are developing the next generation of instruments to better understand the mechanisms that lead to widespread air pollution episodes and to better forecast the impact of such events. Fishman has been a research scientist for 35 years studying the composition of the troposphere and developing computer models that provide insight into the processes controlling atmospheric chemistry. For the past two decades, he has been a pioneer in the use of existing satellites to study global pollution.

At NASA Langley, researchers are working to find answers to questions that affect the health of the planet and the people on it. For more information:

http://science.larc.nasa.gov/

www.nasa.gov/earthday

Air pollution ’shortens life’

April 12th, 2009

By Humphrey Hawksley
BBC News correspondent
April 12, 09

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7946838.stm

It has taken a quarter of a century, but US researchers say their work has finally enabled them to determine to what extent city air pollution impacts on average life expectancy. The project tracked the change of air quality in 51 American cities since the 1980s. During that time general life expectancy increased by more than two and half years, much due to improved lifestyles, diet and healthcare. But the researchers calculated more than 15% of that extra time was due to cleaner air. “We think about five months of that is due to the improvement of air quality,” said Dr Douglas Dockery, head of the Environmental Health Department at Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, which undertook the research. He added that, due to the relatively clean air in the US, the impact was far larger than anticipated.

Dr Dockery said there were many factors which had an impact on life expectancy. But he added: “Clean or dirty air is something that is being imposed on you. “You do have a choice on whether you smoke, drink, exercise or what type of food you eat. But you do not have a choice on what air you breathe.” Dr Dockery believes that if his research was transposed onto the heavily polluted cities of the developing world, such as Beijing or Mexico City, the life expectancy impact would be far greater. “We would be talking about several years,” he said. “We looked at fine particles that penetrate deep in the lungs, those that are not caught in the nose and the mouth, and directly damage the blood vessels. Most of those come from combustion, from automobiles, diesel trucks and buses and power plants.”

Dr Dockery hopes his findings will encourage governments to work towards making air even cleaner over the next 25 years. Even in Boston, which has comparatively clean city air, pollution levels change suddenly from being safe to highly dangerous. Bruce Hill, a scientist with the Clean Air Task Force, measured two sets of pollution levels. One was on a bridge over a highway with only cars and the other over a highway with diesel-powered trucks. “Just now that truck passed and the levels spiked up to five times higher than they were in the rest of the city,” said Hill. “Now, see, it’s gone 25 times higher.” From there he went down onto the underground platform of a commuter train station. “This is bad,” he said. “The monitors can’t go any higher, meaning the level here could be a hundred time higher than the cleaner air outside. “Some people commute for five per cent of the day, which is the amount of time they’re being exposed to these particles.”

Hill describes the damage caused by regularly breathing such air as like living with someone who smokes. In the long term, he argued, it can cause cancer and cardio-vascular problems. In the short term, it can create asthma attacks and allergies. Cait Maas, who already has a respiratory problem, lives in an apartment that looks out on a shipping terminal, an oil depot and a multi-lane highway. A main road near her home is a key route for diesel trucks. “On a bad day, I can taste the particles. I feel them constricting my airways and I have to cover my mouth so that I can breathe.”

Over the next generation, however, it’s expected that pollution, especially that created by dangerous diesel particles, will be cut dramatically. Standard filters are now being fitted to buses. Bio-fuels and cleaner energy in general, brought about by climate change pressures, will make the air safer.

Air Pollution Exposure May Slow Fetal Growth

April 8th, 2009

April 8 (from HealthDay News)

Air pollution may slow the normal growth of a developing fetus, a U.S. study has found.

Researchers looked at data on nearly 336,000 births in New Jersey between 1999 and 2003 and at daily air pollution readings from across the state. Readings from monitoring sites within six miles of the mothers’ homes were used to calculate average levels of air pollution during their pregnancies.
The study found that the risk of a small birth-weight baby increased significantly with each increase in particulate matter of 4 micrograms per cubic meter during the first and third trimesters of pregnancy. Each 10 parts per billion increase in nitrogen oxide exposure was also associated with a large increase in the risk of a small birth-weight baby.

The findings suggest that traffic pollution or living close to a major road could be linked to restricted fetal growth, said David Rich and colleagues from the department of epidemiology at the School of Public Health, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, in Piscataway, N.J.

They also found that exposure to particulate matter in later pregnancy was associated with a two- to fivefold increased risk of restricted fetal growth among mothers with separation of the placenta before birth and premature rupture of the membrane, compared with mothers who did not have these complications.
The findings were published online in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.

It’s not clear exactly how air pollution affects fetal growth, the researchers said. They noted that previous research found that air pollution might alter cell activity or reduce the amount of oxygen and nutrients received by a fetus.

More information:
The American Academy of Family Physicians has more about air pollution and health.
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Public shows increased interest in air quality

April 7th, 2009

Public shows increased interest in air quality
April 5, 2009 – 9:45 PM
By KATHIE BASSETT

A survey conducted last fall by the American Lung Association shows heightened awareness among bi-state area residents of the effects of air pollution.

The survey asked people their opinions on air quality-related topics such as awareness of poor air quality days, sources of air quality information, and suggestions on improving air quality, said Susannah Fuchs, director of environmental health for ALA and spokesperson for the partnership.

Residents from eight counties responded to the questionnaire.

“We wanted to get a sense of the awareness of the issues across the St. Louis and Metro East area,” she said. “This year we’ve seen more of a connection between awareness and action than there used to be. People were not always willing to take actual steps before – they are much more willing now.”

There was a 7 percent increase over last year’s respondents who indicated that they felt poor air quality was a serious problem. Also found were increased exposure to daily air quality information along with a greater awareness of terms and actions relating to pollution prevention.

As people become more concerned with going “green,” bi-state area residents have become more familiar with many small changes that they can make to have a positive impact. These include switching to compact fluorescent light bulbs, using recyclable grocery bags, maintaining air pressure in car tires, and avoiding mowing the lawn on poor air quality days.

According to the survey, businesses are important allies in supporting clean air initiatives.

“There is a growing community of businesses and industries that are focused on air quality issues,” said Laurel Kroack, bureau chief for the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency in Springfield. “Businesses are looking at ways of reducing emissions by promoting ride-sharing programs.”

By reducing traffic congestion through ride-sharing programs, air quality is improved, Kroack said.

“Madison County RideFinders has had a huge impact,” Fuchs said. “I would have to say that they shine in terms of promoting something that individuals can do to help air quality.”

In addition to helping the environment, there is an added benefit of significant cost savings for consumers in commuting savings. More than $33 million in savings has accrued to participants in the program, said Joe Wright, director of RideFinders.

Madison County Transit’s RideFinders program operates in eight counties: Madison, Monroe, St. Clair, St. Charles, Franklin, Jefferson, and St. Louis city and county. RideFinders helps people that work in these counties form carpools or vanpools through a free ridematching service.

RideFinders has had a significant impact by eliminating over 2 million pounds of air pollution per year while reducing more than 65 million miles driven in the same period, Wright said.

With the reduction in bus and Metrolink service in St. Louis County, Wright hopes to expand the RideFinders program to help people with alternate transportation.

RideFinders has more than 3,500 registered carpools and approximately 95 vanpools in service.

During the summer months, RideFinders offers on-site Clean Air Fairs for hundreds of businesses to encourage greater involvement.

“Air quality is becoming a bigger and bigger concern,” Wright said. “We get more activity during the air quality forecasting season because people can feel the difference in the air.”

During the summer months, a combination of strong sunlight and hot temperatures causes ozone pollution to increase. With warmer weather approaching, the St. Louis Regional Clean Air Partnership will resume making ozone forecasts in May 2009.

For more information on air quality awareness, visit the Partnership’s Web site at www.cleanair-stlouis.com.

kathie.bassett@gmail.com

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